[1] Kendall DM, Harmel AP. The metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: understanding the role of insulin resistance. Am J Manag Care 2002;8(20 Suppl):S635–S653.
[2] Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993;16(2): 434–444. [PubMed: 8432214]
[3] Folsom AR, Rasmussen ML, Chambless LE, Howard G, Cooper LS, Schmidt MI, Heiss G. Prospective associations of fasting insulin, body fat distribution, and diabetes with risk of ischemic stroke. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study investigators. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1077–1083. [PubMed: 10388971]
[4] Kain K, Catto AJ, Grant PJ (2003) Associations between insulin resistance and thrombotic risk factors in high-risk South Asian subjects. Diabet Med 20:651–655
[5] Perez PM, Moore-Carrasco R, Gonzalez DR, Fuentes EQ, Palomo IG (2012) Gene expression of adipose tissue, endothelial cells and Metab Brain Dis platelets in subjects with metabolic syndrome (review). Mol Med Rep 5:1135–1140
[6] Vazzana N, Ranalli P, Cuccurullo C, Davi G (2012) Diabetesmellitus and thrombosis. Thromb Res 129:371–377
[7] Nair SS, Sylaja PN, Sreedharan SE, Sarma S. Maintenance of normoglycemia may improve outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2017 Apr;20(2):122.
[8] Zhao L, Wang L, Lu M, Hu W, Xiu S. Hyperglycemia is associated with poor in-hospital outcome in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke. Medicine. 2019 Aug;98(31).
[9] Mima Y, Kuwashiro T, Yasaka M, Tsurusaki Y, Nakamura A, Wakugawa Y, Okada Y. Impact of metformin on the severity and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2016 Feb 1;25(2):436-46.
[10] Appelros P, Nydevik I, Viitanen M. Poor outcome after first-ever stroke: predictors for death, dependency, and recurrent stroke within the first year. Stroke. 2003 Jan 1;34(1):122-6.
[11] Appelros P, Nydevik I, Seiger A, Terént A. Predictors of severe stroke: influence of preexisting dementia and cardiac disorders. Stroke. 2002 Oct 1;33(10):2357-62.
[12] Cheng YY, Leu HB, Chen TJ, Chen CL, Kuo CH, Lee SD, Kao CL. Metformin-inclusive therapy reduces the risk of stroke in patients with diabetes: a 4-year follow-up study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2014 Feb 1;23(2):e99-105.
[13] Jin Q, Cheng J, Liu Y, Wu J, Wang X, Wei S, Zhou X, Qin Z, Jia J, Zhen X. Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2014 Aug 1;40:131-42.
[14] Arbeláez-Quintero I, Palacios M. To use or not to use metformin in cerebral ischemia: a review of the
[15] application of metformin in stroke rodents. Stroke research and treatment. 2017;2017.
[16] S. Genuth, R. Eastman, R. Kahn et al., “Implications of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study,” Diabetes Care, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. S28–S32, 2002.
[18] Li J., Benashski S.E., Venna V.R., McCullough L.D. Effects of metformin in experimental stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(11):2645–2652. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.589697
[19] Ashabi G., Khalaj L., Khodagholi F., Goudarzvand M., Sarkaki A. Pre-treatment with metformin activates Nrf2 antioxidant pathways and inhibits inflammatory responses through induction of AMPK after transient global cerebral ischemia. Metab. Brain Dis. 2014
[20] Ashabi G., Khodagholi F., Khalaj L., Goudarzvand M., Nasiri M. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by metformin protects against global cerebral ischemia in male rats: interference of AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. Metab. Brain Dis. 2014;29(1):47–58. doi: 10.1007/s11011-013-9475-2.
[21] Jiang T., Yu J.T., Zhu X.C., Wang H.F., Tan M.S., Cao L., Zhang Q.Q., Gao L., Shi J.Q., Zhang Y.D., Tan L. Acute metformin preconditioning confers neuroprotection against focal cerebral ischaemia by pre-activation of AMPK-dependent autophagy. Br. J. Pharmacol.2014;171(13):3146–3157.doi: 10.1111/bph.12655.
[22] Elgebaly M.M., Prakash R., Li W., Ogbi S., Johnson M.H., Mezzetti E.M., Fagan S.C., Ergul A. Vascular protection in diabetic stroke: role of matrix metalloprotease-dependent vascular remodeling. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(12):1928–1938. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.120
[23] Y. Chen, K. Zhou, R. Wang et al., “Antidiabetic drug metformin (GlucophageR) increases biogenesis of Alzheimer’s amyloid peptides via up-regulating BACE1 transcription,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 3907–3912, 2009.